Tafsir for verse: 9:10
لَا يَرۡقُبُونَ فِي مُؤۡمِنٍ إِلّٗا وَلَا ذِمَّةٗۚ وَأُوْلَٰٓئِكَ هُمُ ٱلۡمُعۡتَدُونَ ١٠ ﴿10
10They do not observe any bond or treaty with a believer; and they are the transgressors.
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Commentary

And when the Most High informed of their treachery in wickedness, He indicated that their betrayal is not specific to those addressed, but is general to all who possess their characteristics of faith. The essence of their betrayal is based on description. He said: "They do not regard a believer except..." meaning: with kinship and a good, established lineage, "nor a covenant..." meaning: a firm promise. "And those..." meaning: are far removed from all good, "they are..." meaning: specifically due to the extremity of their aggression, "the transgressors..." meaning: their aggression is an exaggeration in compelling themselves to transgress the limits due to the absence of any deterrent from that, whether divine or legal, just as 'Amir ibn al-Tufayl did with the people of Badr, despite them being under the protection of his uncle. The report about them is that "his uncle Abu Barā' Amir ibn Malik ibn Ja'far, the spear-thrower, came to the Messenger of Allah, blessings and peace be upon him, and said to him: 'If you were to send men from your companions to the people of Najd, I hope they would respond to you.' The Messenger of Allah, blessings and peace be upon him, said: 'I fear for them from the people of Najd.' Abu Barā' said: 'I am their protector.' So the Messenger of Allah, blessings and peace be upon him, sent Al-Mundhir ibn 'Amr, the brother of Banu Sa'ida, to die with seventy men from his companions, who were among the best of the Muslims. When they settled at the well of Ma'una, they sent Harām ibn Milḥān with a letter from the Messenger of Allah, blessings and peace be upon him, to 'Amir ibn al-Tufayl, but he did not look at his letter and attacked him, killing him. Then he called upon the Banu 'Amir against them, but they refused and said: 'We will not protect Abu Barā'.' He then called upon tribes from Banu Sulaym: 'Uṣayyah, Ri'l, and Dhakwan, and they killed them, and none escaped from them except three men; 'Amr ibn Umayyah al-Dhamri was one of them. This greatly distressed the Prophet, blessings and peace be upon him, and he prayed against their killers for a month." Al-Baghawi said: And Ibn 'Abbas, may Allah be pleased with them both, said: "The people of Ta'if supported them - meaning Quraysh - with wealth to strengthen them against the war of the Messenger of Allah, blessings and peace be upon him. This is what the Most High decreed regarding the abandonment of the covenant, as it is a consideration for the religion; because He considered all of His people, who can only exist through them.

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