And when He completed - glorified and exalted is He - the lawful and the unlawful from these limits; and the rulings; (p-241) and concluded it with the attribute of mercy; He clarified what He intended by it of the causes of mercy; as a reminder of the blessing; so that it may be thanked; and a warning not to forget it and thus deny it; He said (the Exalted): ﴿Allah intends﴾; meaning: the Greatest King intends to reveal these rulings upon this system; ﴿to clarify for you﴾; meaning: to provide you with clear explanation regarding what is for you; and upon you; from the laws of the religion; ﴿and to guide you﴾; meaning: to inform you; ﴿of the ways﴾; meaning: the paths of ﴿those﴾; and since the intent was some of the past ones; He said: ﴿before you﴾; meaning: from the people of the Book: the prophets; and their followers; ﴿and to accept your repentance﴾; meaning: to turn you away from everything that does not please Him; especially what leads to severance - like preventing women and children from inheritance; and like marrying what is prohibited to marry; and other than that; so He informed them with this that He did not restrict them with these obligations; rather He guides them in it upon the path of those upon whom He has bestowed favor; so that this may be more likely for them to accept; and a help in compliance; and to realize that casting the doubts of the people of the Book upon them; and reminding them of grudges; to intend to cast enmity; is purely envy for their sharing with them in His blessings; as they were guided to their ways; and how excellent is the conclusion of that with His saying: ﴿And Allah﴾; meaning: the One encompassing the attributes of perfection; ﴿is Knowing and Wise﴾, so He does not legislate for you anything except that it is in the utmost perfection; so act by it and it will lead you to the abode of peace.

The explanation of this is that what is in this Surah is the command to be conscious of Allah; and the encouragement towards it; and the clarification of the obligatory acts; and the matter of the fornicators; and what is lawful and unlawful regarding women; and the carefulness in wealth; and the kindness to people; especially the orphans and the parents; and the submission to the rulings; and the prohibition of killing; and the command for justice in testimony; and others; and all of that is clarified in its origins in the Torah; as it is spread in this compilation regarding its texts in the appropriate places; but the Qur'an is better in explanation; more eloquent in articulation; more wondrous in its affairs; more delicate in its expressions; and more precise in its indications; and most astonishing is that the reason for the revelation of the obligatory acts of inheritance in our Shari'ah is women; for in the two Sahihs and others; from Jabir - may Allah be pleased with him - he said: "I fell ill and the Messenger of Allah, blessings and peace be upon him, visited me; and he came to me while I had fainted; and in the narration of Al-Bukhari; in the explanation: the Prophet, blessings and peace be upon him, and Abu Bakr visited me in Banu Salamah; walking; and the Prophet, blessings and peace be upon him, found me unconscious; so he called for water and performed ablution; then he poured his ablution water on me; so I regained consciousness; and I said: O Messenger of Allah; what should I do with my wealth? And in a narration for Muslim: I have only relatives who are agnates; so he did not answer me with anything; and in a narration for At-Tirmidhi: I had nine sisters; until the verse of inheritance was revealed; and in a narration for Al-Bukhari: then it was revealed; and in a narration for At-Tirmidhi: until the verse was revealed: "Allah instructs you concerning your children" [An-Nisa: 11]; and in a narration for At-Tirmidhi: until the verse of inheritance was revealed: "They ask you for a ruling. Say: Allah gives you a ruling concerning agnates" [An-Nisa: 176]; the verse;" And he said: This is a sound hadith; and for Abu Dawood and At-Tirmidhi and Ibn Majah and Ad-Daraqutni; from Jabir ibn Abdullah - may Allah be pleased with them - he said: "The wife of Sa'd ibn Ar-Rabi' came with her two daughters from Sa'd - may Allah be pleased with them - to the Messenger of Allah, blessings and peace be upon him, and she said: O Messenger of Allah; these are the daughters of Sa'd ibn Ar-Rabi'; their father was killed with you on the day of Uhud; a martyr; and indeed their uncle took their wealth; and he did not leave them any wealth; nor can they be married except with wealth; he said: "Allah - the Mighty and Majestic - will decide in this matter"; then the verse of inheritance was revealed; and in the narration of Abu Dawood: and the verse was revealed in Surah "An-Nisa": "Allah instructs you concerning your children" [An-Nisa: 11]; and in the narration of Ad-Daraqutni: then Surah "An-Nisa" was revealed; and in it is: "Allah instructs you concerning your children" [An-Nisa: 11]; to the end of the verse - then the Messenger of Allah, blessings and peace be upon him, sent to their uncle; and he said: "Give the two daughters of Sa'd two-thirds; and give their mother one-eighth; and what remains is for you";" And in a narration for Ad-Daraqutni: "Indeed, the wife of Sa'd ibn Ar-Rabi' said: O Messenger of Allah; indeed Sa'd has died; and he left two daughters; and his brother; so the brother took what Sa'd left; and indeed women are married based on their wealth; so the Messenger of Allah, blessings and peace be upon him, did not answer her in that gathering; then she came to him and said: O Messenger of Allah; the daughters of Sa'd; and the Messenger of Allah, blessings and peace be upon him, said: "Call me his brother"; so he came; and he said: "Give to his two daughters two-thirds; and to his wife one-eighth; and what remains is for you";" And our Sheikh; the keeper of his time; Abu Al-Fadl; Ahmad ibn Ali ibn Hajar; in "Al-Isabah in the Names of the Companions": Abu Al-Sheikh narrated in his Tafsir; through Abdullah ibn Al-Ajlah Al-Kindi; from Al-Kalbi; from Abu Salih; from Ibn Abbas - may Allah be pleased with them - he said: "The people of the Jahiliyyah did not inherit daughters; nor young sons; until they reached maturity; and a man from the Ansar died; whose name was Aws ibn Thabit; and he left two daughters; and a young son; so the sons of his uncle; Khalid and 'Urfa'tah; took his inheritance; and his wife complained to the Prophet, blessings and peace be upon him, about that; so Allah revealed: "For men is a share of what parents and close relatives leave" [An-Nisa: 7]; so he sent to Khalid and 'Urfa'tah; and said: "Do not take anything from the inheritance";" And Abu Al-Sheikh narrated it from another source; and he said: Qatadah and 'Urfa'tah; and Al-Thalabi narrated it in his Tafsir; and he said: Suwayd and 'Urfa'tah; and it was mentioned to him that they were brothers of Aws: and Al-Muqatil narrated it in his Tafsir; and he said: Indeed, Aws ibn Malik died on the day of Uhud; and he left his wife; Umm Kajjah; and two daughters; (p-245) and he mentioned the story; and our Sheikh mentioned in the verification of the hadiths of Al-Kashaf that Al-Thalabi and Al-Baghawi narrated it without a chain: "That Aws ibn As-Samit Al-Ansari left his wife; Umm Kajjah; and three daughters; and his cousins Suwayd and 'Urfa'tah - or Qatadah and 'Arfajah - took his inheritance from them; and the people of Jahiliyyah did not inherit women; nor children; and they said: No one inherits except the one who fights with spears; and defends the territory; and takes the spoils; so Umm Kajjah came to the Messenger of Allah, blessings and peace be upon him, in the Mosque of Al-Fadhikh; and complained to him; and he said: "Return until I see what Allah will bring about"; then it was revealed: "For men is a share of what parents and close relatives leave" [An-Nisa: 7]; so he sent to them: "Do not take anything from the wealth of Aws; for indeed Allah has made for them a share"; and he did not clarify until it was revealed: "Allah instructs you concerning your children" [An-Nisa: 11] the verse; so he gave Umm Kajjah one-eighth; and the daughters two-thirds; and the remainder to the two cousins;" And Al-Tabari narrated it through Ibn Jurayj; from Ikrimah; in a different context; and its wording is: "It was revealed concerning Umm Kajjah and the daughter of Umm Kajjah; and Thalabah; and Aws ibn Suwayd; and they are from the Ansar; one of them was her husband; and the other was the uncle of her child; so she said: O Messenger of Allah; my husband died; and left me and his daughter; and we were not inherited; so the uncle of her child said: Indeed, her child does not ride a horse; nor carry a burden; (p-246) nor confront an enemy; so it was revealed: "For men is a share" [An-Nisa: 7]" And it was narrated from the way of As-Suddi; he said - regarding His saying: "Allah instructs you concerning your children" [An-Nisa: 11] -: "The people of Jahiliyyah did not inherit the maids; nor the weak among the boys; and they did not inherit except the one who was able to fight; and Abd Al-Rahman died; the brother of Hassan; the poet; and he left a wife named Umm Kajjah; and five sisters; so the heirs came; and they took his wealth; and Umm Kajjah complained about that to the Prophet, blessings and peace be upon him; so Allah revealed: "And if there are women above two, for them is two-thirds of what is left" [An-Nisa: 11]; then he said - regarding Umm Kajjah -: "And for them is one-fourth of what you leave if you have no children" [An-Nisa: 12]".

So all of these narrations - as you see - indicate that the reason for the revelation of the verses of inheritance is women; and it may be that the total is a reason; and Allah knows best; and this is as the reason for the revelation of the obligations in the Torah was also women; and this is because He - glorified and exalted is He - when He caused to die those who turned away from His command among the Children of Israel; and from their thousands in the wilderness; and brought their sons out of it; He commanded Musa - blessings and peace be upon him - to divide the land of the Canaanites among his sons after knowing their number; according to a method he mentioned; and he did not mention the daughters; and among them were daughters who had no father; so they asked for their father's inheritance; and Allah revealed their ruling; He said - in the fourth book of the Torah; what its text is -: (And when there was after the widespread death, the Lord said to Musa and to Elazar son of Aaron the priest: Keep the count of the congregation of the Children of Israel from twenty years old and above; every man who goes out for battle from among the Children of Israel; for whenever the congregation is in the plains of Moab which is by the Jordan Jericho; and inform them by the saying of the Lord; then count them; and their number was six hundred thousand and seven hundred and thirty men; excluding the Levites, the tribe of Musa; for they were for the preservation of the Tabernacle of the congregation; and its service; and they were three tribes; one of them was Gath; and Imran was born to him; and the name of Imran's wife was Hannah daughter of Levi; she gave birth to him in the land of Egypt, Harun; (and Musa; and Maryam; and their number at this time was twenty-three thousand; every male among them was a month old; and above; and there was not among those whom Musa and Harun counted; when he counted the Children of Israel in the wilderness of Sinai; for the Lord said to them: They will be killed in this wilderness; and no man will remain from them except Kaleb son of Yufna; and Yusha son of Nun; and the daughters of Salafhad from the tribe of Menasheh son of Yusuf approached; and they said: Our father died in the wilderness and did not leave a son; give us our inheritance; so Musa raised their matter to the Lord; and the Lord said to Musa: They have spoken the truth; give them an inheritance with their uncles; so that the inheritance of their father may be made clear; and say to the Children of Israel: Any man who dies and does not leave a son, his inheritance is given to his daughter; and if he has no daughter, his inheritance is given to his brothers; and if he has no brothers, his inheritance is given to his uncles; and if he has no uncles, his inheritance is given to whoever is closest to him from his clan; and this shall be a statute for the Children of Israel in their rulings; as the Lord commanded Musa); and He said - in the third book of it; what its text is -: The statute of sins which if a man commits (punished by death): And the Lord spoke to Musa; and said to him: Speak to the Children of Israel; and say to them: I am Allah your Lord; do not do like the deeds of the people of Egypt which you dwelled in; and do not do like the deeds of the people of Canaan which I am bringing you to; and do not follow their customs; but do my judgments; and keep my commandments; and walk in them; I am Allah your Lord; keep my statutes and my judgments; for whoever does them will live; I am the Lord and there is no God besides Me; and let no man among you dare to uncover the nakedness of his relative; I am the Lord and there is no God besides Me; and do not uncover the nakedness of your father; nor the nakedness of your mother; for she is your mother; and do not expose the nakedness of your son's wife; nor uncover her nakedness; for her nakedness is your son's nakedness; and do not expose your sister from your father and from your mother who was born of your father; or your sister from your mother not from your father; do not uncover her nakedness; for her shame is your shame; and do not uncover the nakedness of your father's wife who was born of your father; for she is your sister; and do not uncover the nakedness of your aunt; for she is your father's sister; and do not uncover the nakedness of your aunt; for she is your mother's sister; and do not uncover the nakedness of your uncle's wife; nor approach his wife; for she is your uncle's wife; and do not uncover the nakedness of your daughter-in-law; for she is your son's wife; and do not uncover (the nakedness of your brother's wife; for her shame is your brother's shame; and do not uncover the nakedness of a woman and her daughter - that is: do not marry them both -; and do not uncover the nakedness of the daughter of the son; nor the daughter of the daughter; for their shame is your shame; and do not uncover their nakedness; they are your relatives; and committing them is a sin; and do not marry your wife's sister during her lifetime; so as to not grieve her; and do not uncover their nakedness all together in the lifetime of your wife; and a woman when she menstruates and has her period should not approach to uncover her nakedness; and do not lie with your neighbor's wife; and do not become unclean; and do not defile the name of your God; I am Allah your Lord; do not lie with a male; nor commit with a male what you commit with a woman; for it is a filthy act; nor with an animal; and do not plant your seed in it so that you become unclean by it; and a woman also should not stand before an animal that she may lie with it; for it is a filthy act; do not become unclean by it in any way; for by all of these, the nations which I destroyed from among you became unclean; and their land became unclean by their actions; and I punished it for its sin; and the land became desolate from its inhabitants due to their sins; keep my covenants; and my judgments; and do not commit any of these sins; for the people of the land which you will inherit did all these abominations; (and the land became unclean by them; and do not defile the land; lest it become desolate from you; as it became desolate from the nations that were before you; for whoever commits these sins will perish; keep my statutes; and do not commit anything from the ways of the sins that those before you committed; and do not become unclean by them; I am Allah your Lord).

Then the Lord spoke to Moses and said to him: "Speak to all the children of Israel; and say to them: 'Sanctify yourselves; for I am holy; I am Allah, your Lord; let every person among you fear his parents; and honor them; and keep My commandments; for I am Allah, your Lord; do not turn to the devil; and do not take for yourselves molten gods; I am Allah, your Lord.'" And He said in the second book: "And do not believe the false report; do not ally with the wicked to be a witness of falsehood for him; and do not follow the desires of the great so that you forget; and do not side with the great who act unjustly in judgment so that you act unjustly with them; and do not assist the poor in wrongdoing; do not act unjustly in the judgment of the poor and stay away from false speech." And He said in the fifth book: "And Moses called all the children of Israel; and said to them: 'Hear, O children of Israel, the statutes and the judgments which I proclaim to you, that you may know them; and keep them; and act upon them; and know that Allah, our Lord, made a covenant with us at the land of Horeb; and Allah did not make this covenant with our fathers; but rather, He made it with us; those who are here; sometimes safe; face to face; the Lord spoke to us in the fire about the mountain; for I was standing between the Lord and you to show you that time; I say: 'Allah, your Lord;' when you separated from the fire; and you did not ascend to the mountain; and the Lord said: 'I am Allah, your Lord who brought you out of the land of Egypt; and saved you from bondage; you shall have no other god but Me; and do not take idols; nor likenesses; and do not swear by the name of your Lord falsely; for the Lord does not justify one who swears by His name falsely; keep the Sabbath day and sanctify it.'" Until He said: "Do not do any work in it so that your servants and maidservants may rest with you; and remember that you were servants in the land of Egypt; so Allah, your Lord, brought you out from there; with a mighty hand; and an outstretched arm; therefore your Lord commanded you to keep the Sabbath day; so let every person among you honor his parents; as Allah, your Lord, commanded you; that your days may be long; and that He may bless you in the land which He gives you; do not kill; do not commit adultery; do not steal; let not a man among you desire the wife of his neighbor;" until He said: "nor anything that belongs to your neighbor; these are the verses which the Lord commanded the children of Israel; and spoke to them on the mountain from the fire; with the cloud and the mist; with a voice great that cannot be described nor limited; and it is what He wrote on the tablets of stone; and gave it to Moses the Prophet; so when you heard a voice from the darkness; and saw a fire burning on the mountain; your leaders approached me; and said: 'Indeed, Allah, our Lord, has shown us His glory; and His honor; and His greatness; today we have seen that Allah spoke to the people; and they lived; if we return to hear the voice of Allah, our Lord, we will die; you advance and hear what Allah, our Lord, says; and relate to us.' So the Lord heard the sound of your words when you spoke to me; and the Lord said to me: 'I have heard the sound of the people; and what they said to you; what they have spoken is good; oh, that they would have such hearts; that they would hear; and obey; and be strengthened; and they would fear from My saying; and keep all My commandments; all of them keep; and act upon what Allah, your Lord, commanded you; and do not deviate to the right or to the left; rather, walk in all the way which your Lord commanded you that you may live; and He may bless you; and your days may be prolonged in the land which you shall inherit; these are the statutes and the commandments and the judgments which Allah, your Lord, commanded me to teach you that you may know; and fear Allah, your Lord; you and your children; all the days of your lives; that your days may be prolonged; hear, O children of Israel; Allah, our Lord, is one; love Allah, your Lord, with all your hearts; and let these verses which He commanded you be in your hearts forever; and teach them to your children; and speak of them when you are in your homes; and when you travel; and when you lie down; and when you rise; and bind them as a sign upon your hands; and they shall be a reminder between your eyes; and write them on the doorposts of your houses; and on your gates; and do not forget Allah, your Lord; and worship Him; and by His name swear; and do not follow other gods which the nations around you worship; for Allah, your Lord, who dwells among you is a jealous God; so fear Him; lest His anger be kindled against you; and He destroy you from the face of the earth; and do not test Allah, your Lord, as you tested Him with calamities; but keep the command of Allah, your Lord; and His testimony and His tradition which He commanded you; do good deeds; and be just and fair; that He may bless you; and you may enter and inherit the fruitful land which Allah swore to your fathers; and He will break all your enemies; and defeat them before you; as the Lord said; so when your children ask you tomorrow and say: 'What is the testimony and the tradition and the command which Allah commanded you?' say to your children: 'Indeed, we were servants to Pharaoh in the land of Egypt; and the Lord brought us out of the land of Egypt with a mighty hand; and He sent upon the people of Egypt a great calamity; and He did that to Pharaoh and all his household against us; and the Lord brought us out from there to bring us in and give us the land which He swore to our fathers; and the Lord commanded us to do all these statutes; and to fear Allah, our Lord, that He may bless all our days; and give us life with goodness and blessings; and our Lord will be just with us if we keep all this commandment; and we taught it before Allah, our Lord, as He commanded us.

And he said in the fifth travel: (And do not withhold your hand from giving and charity to your brother, the poor; but let some of you give to others; and let some of you give to one another; and let not your heart be narrowed; and do not grieve if you give to your brother; because if you do this saying and you are generous to your brother, Allah will bless you in all your deeds; and in everything you extend your hand to; because the earth is never devoid of the poor; therefore I command you - and the determination is upon you - to extend your hand to your brother, the poor; and to give charity to the needy in the land); and he said in it: (Be just among your brothers; and judge with truth; and do not be unjust in judgment; and listen to the small as you listen to the great; and do not fear the man, even if his status is great; and his wealth is abundant; because judgment is for Allah); and he said in it: (Appoint for yourselves judges and scribes in all your villages; and you shall judge for the people with justice and righteousness; and do not be unjust in judgment; and do not show favoritism; and do not accept bribes; because bribery blinds the eyes of the judges in judgment; but judge with truth; so that you may live; and remain; and inherit the land which Allah, your Lord, gives you).

It has been made clear from this the principles of most of what He (the Exalted) mentioned in this surah; along with what has preceded of its forms in 'Al-Baqarah'; at His saying (the Exalted): ﴿And when We took the covenant from the Children of Israel that you shall not worship except Allah﴾ [Al-Baqarah: 83]; and other verses; and in 'Aal 'Imran' as well; and as for the limit of the adulterer; and the matter of killing and injuries, it will be mentioned, if Allah (the Exalted) wills, in 'Al-Ma'idah'.