And when that was completed, the souls longed for the clarification of the shares of inheritance for each one. It had already been mentioned regarding the entitlement of men and women, without specifying an orphan. Thus, eloquence necessitated the clarification of the principles of all inheritances and the healing of the sick by explaining its matter. He said - beginning in response to one who seemed to have asked about that; confirming what he commanded regarding it with utmost emphasis; indicating the greatness of this knowledge by the precedence in its mention in the first of its verses; and the warning against misguidance in its last; and the Prophet ﷺ encouraged it by stating that it is half of knowledge; and warned against its loss by saying that it is the first knowledge to be taken away from the nation: "Allah instructs you." That is, with what He has of complete greatness and profound wisdom. He began with the children, for the attachment of a person to them is stronger. He said: "Regarding your children," that is, if their inheritor dies.

And when this was general, it was such that its interpretation was sought. He said - in response to that; starting with the noblest clarification; for its virtue in precedence; and making it a principle - and the detail: "For the male," that is, among them; if he has something from the females; and there is no hindrance preventing him from killing or opposing religion, and the like; "like the share of two females," that is, a portion that is sufficient and brings happiness; and it is two-thirds if they are alone. For the one with him, it is one-third. So He affirmed - glorified is He - for the females a share, to emphasize to them the prohibition of their complete exclusion, and their deficiency compared to the share of men; indicating that they have fallen in the same ruling by lowering them from the rank of men.

And when the male share became clear; with the female; by the wording of the text; and this indicated that they have an inheritance in general; and when they are together with the male; and it was understood according to the indication of the text - which is what is established by its wording; but it is not intended; and the text does not precede it - the ruling of the two females; if there is no male with them; is that they have two-thirds; and this also indicates that if one has one-third with a brother; she has that with a sister; if there is no male, by priority; (p-205) thus it necessitated that if they are three; or more; and there is no male with them; they encompass the inheritance; and if there is one; and there is no male with her; she does not exceed one-third; it clarified that the matter is not as such - as previously mentioned - by his saying - clarifying their inheritance in the case of being alone -: "So if they are"; meaning: the inheritors; "women"; meaning: females; and when this could be understood as the least of the group; which is two; truly; or metaphorically; it was confirmed; and this possibility was negated; by his saying: "above two"; meaning: no male with them; "then they have two-thirds of what he left"; meaning: the deceased; not more than two-thirds; "and if there is"; meaning: the inheritor; "one"; meaning: alone; there is no one else with her; "then she has half"; meaning: only; and when he prioritized the bequest for the children due to their weakness; if they are young; and the parent is the closest of people to the child; and most deserving of kinship with him; and most connected to him; he followed it with his ruling; saying: "And for his parents"; meaning: the deceased; then he detailed after summarizing; so that the speech would be more emphatic; and the listener would be more eager to it; by his saying - replacing with the repetition of the agent -: "for each one of them"; meaning: his father; and his mother; who were mentioned with "parents"; (p-206) "the sixth of what he left"; then he clarified the condition of that; saying: "If he has"; meaning: the deceased; "a child"; meaning: a male; and if it is a female; the father takes the sixth as a share; and the remainder after the shares; is the right of the male lineage.

And when he clarified their ruling regarding the children, he followed it with the state of their absence. He said: "So if he does not have a child," meaning: a male; nor a female; "and his parents inherit him," meaning: only them; "then for his mother is a third," meaning: and for the father is the remainder; because the assumption is that there are no other heirs besides them. And when the estimation was: "This is with the absence of siblings as well," he based his saying on it: "So if he has siblings," meaning: two or more; male or not; with the absence of children; "then for his mother is a sixth," meaning: because the siblings reduce it from a third to him; and the remainder is for the father; and they receive nothing. As for a single sister, she does not reduce it to a sixth; whether she is an heir or not; and likewise, if there is one brother. Then he clarified that all of this is after the deduction of the bequest and the debt; because that has precedence in the right of the deceased, who accumulated the wealth. He said: "After a bequest which he bequeaths," meaning: as is recommended for every deceased; and he placed it in the position before what is legislated to be placed before it; urging its fulfillment; because the souls of the heirs are reluctant about it; due to it being like their participation in the inheritance; because it is without compensation; "or debt," meaning: if there is a debt upon him.

And when a person may see that some of his relatives from his ancestors or descendants, or others, are more beneficial to him, he loves to prefer them. So he transgresses these limits for what he sees; and what he sees may be contrary to the truth in the situation or in the outcome. And Allah, glorified and exalted is He, is the one who possesses knowledge of that. For this reason, the Prophet, blessings and peace be upon him, said: "Love your beloved moderately, perhaps he will be your enemy one day." This is the hadith; because the hearts are between two fingers of the Merciful; He turns them as He wills. Allah, glorified and exalted is He, said, urging adherence to what He has defined, confirming with the general objection - as is the case in every objection - because this division is contrary to what the Arabs used to do; and it is in ways that its reasons are not comprehended: "Your fathers and your sons," meaning: those whose inheritance we have detailed for you as we mentioned; "You do not know which of them is closer to you in benefit," meaning: than others; because you do not have complete knowledge, nor ability; so if the matter were entrusted to you in the division, you would not place matters in their most appropriate positions.

And when He clarified that inheritance is according to what He has determined - glorified and exalted is He - affirming it with the wording of the will; and He strengthened it further by making it an interruption between the bequest and 'a prescribed share'; He clarified that it is in the manner of obligation; whoever neglects it has disobeyed; He said - mentioning a source (p-208) taken from the meaning of the words -: 'a prescribed share from Allah'; meaning: the One to Whom belongs all command; then He urged them towards that and encouraged them in it; by saying - justifying His obligation upon them absolutely; and in this manner -: 'Indeed, Allah'; meaning: the One Who encompasses knowledge; and power; 'was'; and has always been; and will always be; because His existence does not vary at any time; because time does not pass over Him; nor does place encompass Him; because He is the Creator of both; 'Knowing'; meaning: of the outcomes; 'Wise'; meaning: He has placed for you these rulings; with the utmost precision; in bringing benefits to you; and repelling harm from you; and He arranged them - glorified and exalted is He - in the best order; for the heir is connected to the deceased sometimes through a medium; which is the kinsman; and at other times directly; and this sometimes is through lineage; and sometimes through marriage and lineage; so He prioritized what is direct; due to its close proximity; and began with lineage; due to its strength; and began with them with the child; for greater care of him.