Tafsir for verse: 38:34
وَلَقَدۡ فَتَنَّا سُلَيۡمَٰنَ وَأَلۡقَيۡنَا عَلَىٰ كُرۡسِيِّهِۦ جَسَدٗا ثُمَّ أَنَابَ ٣٤ ﴿34
34And indeed We tested Sulaimān while We threw on his throne a body after which he turned (to Us).
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Commentary

It was said: Solomon was tested after he ruled for twenty years. He ruled for twenty years after the test. Among his trials was that he had a son, and the devils said: If he lives, we will not be free from servitude, so our way is to kill him or to make him insane. He became aware of this, so he would nourish him in the clouds. What startled him was that he found him dead on his throne. He realized his mistake in not relying on his Lord regarding him, so he sought forgiveness from his Lord and repented to Him. It is narrated from the Prophet, blessings and peace be upon him, that Solomon said: I will visit seventy women tonight, each one of whom will bring forth a warrior who fights in the way of Allah, and he did not say: If Allah wills. So he visited them, but only one woman became pregnant, and she bore a half-man. By the One in Whose hand is my soul, if he had said: If Allah wills, they would have all fought in the way of Allah as knights. This is the meaning of Allah's saying: 'And We certainly tested Solomon.' This and similar matters are permissible. As for what is narrated about the seal, the devils, and the idol worship in Solomon's house, Allah knows best about its authenticity. It is reported that Solomon received news of Sidon, a city in some islands, and that there was a king there of great stature whom he could not overcome due to his fortification by the sea. So he went out to him, carried by the wind until he arrived there with his armies of jinn and humans. He killed its king and took his daughter, named Jaradah, who was one of the most beautiful people. He chose her for himself, and she embraced Islam and loved him. She would not stop crying out of grief for her father. So he commanded the devils to create an image of her father, and they dressed it like him. She would go to it and return with her maidens, who would prostrate to it as was their custom in his kingdom. Aasif informed Solomon of this, so he broke the image and punished the woman. Then he went alone to a desolate place and spread ashes for himself, sitting upon it, repenting to Allah, and being humble. He had a concubine named Amina, and when he entered for purification or to be with a woman, he would place his ring with her. His kingdom was in his ring. One day he placed it with her, and the devil, the one who had guided Solomon to the stone when he ordered the building of the Sacred House, came to her in the form of Solomon and said: O Amina, my ring! So she put it on and sat on Solomon's throne. The birds, jinn, and humans flocked to him, and Solomon's appearance changed. He went to Amina to retrieve the ring, but she did not recognize him and drove him away. He realized that sin had overtaken him, so he wandered around the houses, begging. When he said: I am Solomon, they threw dust on him and insulted him. Then he went to the fishermen, transporting fish to them, and they would give him two fish every day. He remained in this state for forty mornings, the number of days that the idol was worshiped in his house. Aasif and the dignitaries of the Children of Israel denied the rule of the devil, and Aasif asked Solomon's women, and they said: He does not leave any woman in her menstrual period nor does he purify himself from impurity.

It was said: Rather, His command was executed in everything except in them. Then the devil flew away and threw the ring into the sea, and a fish swallowed it. The fish ended up in the hand of Solomon. He opened its belly and found the ring. He put it on and fell prostrate, and his kingdom returned to him. He carved a rock for the rock, and placed it in it, then sealed it with another rock and bound them with iron and lead, and cast it into the sea. It was said: When they were seduced, the ring would fall from his hand and would not stay in it. Aasif said to him: You are indeed seduced by your sin, and the ring does not remain in your hand. So repent to Allah, the Almighty. The knowledgeable scholars have rejected this and said: This is from the falsehoods of the Jews, and the devils cannot perform such deeds. It is ugly for Allah to empower them over His servants so that they fall into changing the rulings, and over the wives of the prophets so that they commit immorality with them. As for making statues, it is possible that the laws differ on it. Do you not see His saying: 'from temples and statues'? As for prostrating to the image, it is not to be thought that a prophet of Allah would permit it, and if it is done without his knowledge, then there is no blame on him. And His saying: 'And We cast upon his throne a body' indicates the meaning of the devil's representation of his representation in a clear manner.

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Al-ZamakhshariAbū al-Qāsim Maḥmūd ibn ʿUmar al-Zamakhsharī
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