Commentary
The letter mīm in اللَّهُمَّ is a substitute for yā, and therefore they do not come together. This is some of the characteristics of this name, as it is distinguished by the tā in the oath, by the addition of the vocative particle to it, and it has the definite article, and by the cutting of its hamzah in yā اللَّه, and by other things. 'Owner of the Kingdom' means you own the essence of kingship, so you act in it as the owners do with what they possess. You give kingship to whom You will, granting to whom You will the portion that Your wisdom has divided for him from kingship. And You take away kingship from whom You will, the portion that You have given him. Thus, the first kingship is general and inclusive, while the other two kingships are specific, parts of the whole. It is narrated that when the Messenger of Allah, blessings and peace be upon him, opened Mecca, he promised his nation the kingship of Persia and Rome. The hypocrites and the Jews said: 'How far-fetched! From where will Muhammad have the kingship of Persia and Rome? They are more honored and protected than that.' It is narrated that when the Messenger of Allah, blessings and peace be upon him, dug the trench during the Battle of the Confederates, he drew a line of forty cubits between every ten. Amr ibn Awf said: 'I, along with Sulayman, Hudhayfah, and al-Nu'man ibn Muqrin, and six other men from the Ansar, were in forty cubits.' He mentioned it in detail from this perspective. It is mentioned by al-Wahidi in the reasons for revelation, and by al-Tabari, al-Thalabi, and al-Baghawi. Ibn Sa'd narrated it in the classes in the biography of Salman. He said: 'I was informed by Ibn Abi Fadlik from Kathir ibn Abdullah about it.' Al-Waqidi in al-Maghazi said: 'Aasim ibn Abdullah al-Hakami narrated to me from Umar ibn al-Hakam, saying: 'Umar ibn al-Khattab was hitting with the pickaxe when he struck a rock that was harder, and he struck it.' This was narrated by al-Nasa'i, Ahmad, Ishaq, Ibn Abi Shaybah, and Abu Ya'la, all from the narration of Maymun Abu Abdullah from al-Bara' ibn 'Azib, may Allah be pleased with them, in a summarized form, and its chain is good. During the Battle of the Confederates, they began to dig, and a boulder like a great hill emerged from the trench, which the pickaxes had not affected. They sent Salman to the Messenger of Allah, blessings and peace be upon him, to inform him. He took the pickaxe from Salman and struck it a blow that cracked it, and a flash of light came from it that illuminated what was between its two sides, as if a lamp were in the depths of a dark house. The Muslims shouted Allahu Akbar, and he said: 'I saw from it the palaces of al-Hirah as if they were the fangs of dogs.' Then he struck a second time and said: 'I saw from it the red palaces of the land of the Romans.' Then he struck a third time and said: 'I saw the palaces of Sana'a.' And Gabriel, peace be upon him, informed me that my nation will be victorious over all of them, so rejoice. The hypocrites said: 'Do you not find it strange? He gives you false hopes and tells you that he sees the palaces of al-Hirah and the cities of Kisra, and that they will be opened for you, while you are merely digging the trench out of fear and cannot even emerge.' Then the verse was revealed. If you ask: 'Why did he say بِيَدِكَ الْخَيْرُ mentioning good without evil?' I say: 'Because the speech was about the good that He brings to the believers, which the disbelievers denied. He said: 'In Your hand is good, You give it to Your allies despite Your enemies.' And because all of Allah's actions, whether beneficial or harmful, stem from wisdom and interest, they are all good, like giving and taking away kingship. Then He mentioned His overwhelming power by mentioning the state of night and day in their alternation, and the state of the living and the dead in bringing one out of the other. He added to this His provision without account, for whoever is capable of those great actions that bewilder the minds, and then is capable of providing without account to whom He wills from His servants, He is certainly able to take away kingship from the Persians and humiliate them, and give it to the Arabs and honor them. In some books, it is said: 'I am Allah, the King of Kings. The hearts of kings and their reins are in My hand. If the servants obey Me, I make them a mercy for them. If the servants disobey Me, I make them a punishment upon them. So do not occupy yourselves with cursing the kings, but repent to Me, and I will turn them to you.' This is the meaning of his saying, blessings and peace be upon him: 'As you are, so will be appointed over you.'
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