Tafsir for verses: 2:80, 2:81, 2:82
وَقَالُواْ لَن تَمَسَّنَا ٱلنَّارُ إِلَّآ أَيَّامٗا مَّعۡدُودَةٗۚ قُلۡ أَتَّخَذۡتُمۡ عِندَ ٱللَّهِ عَهۡدٗا فَلَن يُخۡلِفَ ٱللَّهُ عَهۡدَهُۥٓۖ أَمۡ تَقُولُونَ عَلَى ٱللَّهِ مَا لَا تَعۡلَمُونَ ٨٠ ﴿80 بَلَىٰۚ مَن كَسَبَ سَيِّئَةٗ وَأَحَٰطَتۡ بِهِۦ خَطِيٓـَٔتُهُۥ فَأُوْلَٰٓئِكَ أَصۡحَٰبُ ٱلنَّارِۖ هُمۡ فِيهَا خَٰلِدُونَ ٨١ ﴿81 وَٱلَّذِينَ ءَامَنُواْ وَعَمِلُواْ ٱلصَّٰلِحَٰتِ أُوْلَٰٓئِكَ أَصۡحَٰبُ ٱلۡجَنَّةِۖ هُمۡ فِيهَا خَٰلِدُونَ ٨٢ ﴿82
80They say, “The fire shall not touch us for more than a few days.” Say, “Have you taken a pledge from Allah, and Allah will not go against His promise? Or, do you say about Allah what you do not know?” 81Why not? Those who commit evil and are besieged by their sins, those are people of the Fire - there they shall live forever. 82As for those who believe, and do good deeds, they are the people of Paradise - there they will live forever.
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Commentary

Except for a few days, forty days, the number of the days of worship of the calf. And regarding Mujahid: they used to say that the duration of this world is seven thousand years, and we are punished for every thousand years with one day. So, Allah will not break [UNTRANSLATED-LATIN: akhd] what is related to something omitted, its estimation being: if you take a covenant with Allah, then Allah will not break His covenant. And 'Am' may be equivalent meaning either of the two matters exists as a form of affirmation, because knowledge is certain regarding the existence of one of them. It may also be disjointed, 'Bala' affirming what follows the negation particle, which is His saying: 'The Fire will not touch us,' meaning: indeed it will touch you forever, as indicated by His saying: 'They will be in it, abiding.' Whoever earns a sin from the sins, meaning a major sin. [UNTRANSLATED-LATIN: qawl] 'meaning a major sin' was explained this way to align the verse with the belief of the Mu'tazila, which is that the doer of a major sin is eternally punished in the Fire, while the belief of the Ahl al-Sunnah is that only the disbeliever is eternally punished therein. They interpreted the sin as associating partners with Allah. In Al-Khazin, Ibn Abbas said: It is associating partners with Allah, which the one who dies upon it is surrounded by, and it closes the doors of salvation before him from every direction. (A) And his sin surrounded him and took control over him, just as an enemy surrounds and he could not escape from it [UNTRANSLATED-LATIN: al-tawbah] through repentance. And it was read: 'khataayah' and 'khati'aat.' It was said regarding the surrounding: his sin was more dominant than his obedience. A man asked Al-Hasan about the sin, and he said: Glorified is Allah! Do I not see you with a beard and you do not know what a sin is? Look in the Mushaf, for every verse in which Allah has prohibited it and informed you that whoever acts upon it will enter the Fire, that is the surrounding sin.

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Al-ZamakhshariAbū al-Qāsim Maḥmūd ibn ʿUmar al-Zamakhsharī
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